Some books on algorithms are rigorous but incomplete; others cover masses of material but lack rigor. Introduction to Algorithms uniquely combines rigor and comprehensiveness. It covers a broad range of algorithms in depth, yet makes their design and analysis accessible to all levels of readers, with self-contained chapters and algorithms in pseudocode. Since the publication of the first edition, Introduction to Algorithms has become the leading algorithms text in universities worldwide as well as the standard reference for professionals. This fourth edition has been updated throughout.New for the fourth editionNew chapters on matchings in bipartite graphs, online algorithms, and machine learningNew material on topics including solving recurrence equations, hash tables, potential functions, and suffix arrays140 new exercises and 22 new problemsReader feedback–informed improvements to old problemsClearer, more personal, and gender-neutral writing styleColor added to improve visual presentationNotes, bibliography, and index updated to reflect developments in the fieldWebsite with new supplementary materialAbout the AuthorThomas H. Cormen is Emeritus Professor of Computer Science at Dartmouth College.Charles E. Leiserson is Edwin Sibley Webster Professor in Electrical Engineering and Computer Science at MIT.Ronald L. Rivest is Institute Professor at MIT.Clifford Stein is Wai T. Chang Professor of Industrial Engineering and Operations Research, and of Computer Science at Columbia University.