Like the second edition before it, the third edition of Advanced Programming in the UNIX® Environment has been updated to reflect contemporary operating systems and recent changes in standards. Obsolete material has been removed, except where that material provides a useful historical perspective. The four platforms used to test the examples in the book include FreeBSD 8.0, Linux 3.2.0, Mac OS X 10.6.8 and Solaris 10. These platforms are a moving target, and most likely there are newer versions available now, so your mileage may vary.Major changes include the addition of POSIX asynchronous I/O, POSIX semaphores, spin locks, and barriers. In total, more than 70 new interfaces are covered. In addition, most of the STREAMS-related material was removed, because STREAMS interfaces are now considered to be obsolescent by the Single UNIX Specification. If you need information about STREAMS programming, check out UNIX System V Network Programming.See here for a complete Table of Contents for the third edition. ContentsForeword to the Second EditionxixPrefacexxiPreface to the Second EditionxxvPreface to the First EditionxxixChapter 1. UNIX System Overview11.1 Introduction 11.2 UNIX Architecture 11.3 Logging In 21.4 Files and Directories 41.5 Input and Output 81.6 Programs and Processes 101.7 Error Handling 141.8 User Identification 161.9 Signals 181.10 Time Values 201.11 System Calls and Library Functions 211.12 Summary 23Chapter 2. UNIX Standardization and Implementations252.1 Introduction 252.2 UNIX Standardization 252.2.1 ISO C 252.2.2 IEEE POSIX 262.2.3 The Single UNIX Specification 302.2.4 FIPS 322.3 UNIX System Implementations 332.3.1 UNIX System V Release 4 332.3.2 BSD 4.4 342.3.3 FreeBSD 342.3.4 Linux 352.3.5 Mac OS X 352.3.6 Solaris 352.3.7 Other UNIX Systems 352.4 Relationship of Standards and Implementations 362.5 Limits 362.5.1 ISO C Limits 372.5.2 POSIX Limits 382.5.3 XSI Limits 412.5.4 sysconf,pathconf, andfpathconfFunctions 422.5.5 Indeterminate Runtime Limits 492.6 Options 532.7 Feature Test Macros 572.8 Primitive System Data Types 582.9 Differences Between Standards 582.10 Summary 60Chapter 3. File I/O613.1 Introduction 613.2 File is invalid 613.3 openandopenatFunctions 623.4 creatFunction 663.5 closeFunction 663.6 lseekFunction 663.7 readFunction 713.8 writeFunction 723.9 I/O Efficiency 723.10 File Sharing 743.11 Atomic Operations 773.12dupanddup2Functions 793.13 sync,fsync, andfdatasyncFunctions 813.14 fcntlFunction 823.15 ioctlFunction 873.16/dev/fd883.17 Summary 90Chapter 4. Files and Directories934.1 Introduction 934.2 stat,fstat,fstatat, andlstatFunctions 934.3 File Types 954.4 Set-User-ID and Set-Group-ID 984.5 File Access Permissions 994.6 Ownership of New Files and Directories 1014.7 accessandfaccessatFunctions 1024.8 umaskFunction 1044.9 chmod,fchmod, andfchmodatFunctions 1064.10 Sticky Bit 1084.11 chown,fchown,fchownat, andlchownFunctions 1094.12 File Size 1114.13 File Truncation 1124.14 File Systems 1134.15 link,linkat,unlink,unlinkat, andremoveFunctions 1164.16 renameandrenameatFunctions 1194.17 Symbolic Links 1204.18 Creating and Reading Symbolic Links 1234.19 File Times 1244.20 futimens,utimensat, andutimesFunctions 1264.21 mkdir,mkdirat, andrmdirFunctions 1294.22 Reading Directories 1304.23 chdir,fchdir, andgetcwdFunctions 1354.24 Special Device Files 1374.25 Summary of File Access Permission Bits 1404.26 Summary 140Chapter 5. Standard I/O Library1435.1 Introduction 1435.2 Streams andFILEObjects 1435.3 Standard Input, Standard Output, and Standard Error 1455.4 Buffering 1455.5 Opening a Stream 1485.6 Reading and Writing a Stream 1505.7 Line-at-a-Time I/O 1525.8 Standard I/O Efficiency 1535.9 Binary I/O 1565.10 Positioning a Stream 1575.11 Formatted I/O 1595.12 Implementation Details 1645.13 Temporary Files 1675.14 Memory Streams 1715.15 Alternatives to Standard I/O 1745.16 Summary 175Chapter 6. System Data Files and Information1776.1 Introduction 1776.2 Password File 1776.3 Shadow Passwords 1816.4 Group File 1826.5 Supplementary Group IDs 1836.6 Implementation Differences 1846.7 Other Data Files 1856.8 Login Accounting 1866.9 System Identification 1876.10 Time and Date Routines 1896.11 Summary 196Chapter 7. Process Environment1977.1 Introduction 1977.2 mainFunction 1977.3 Process Termination 1987.4 Command-Line Arguments 2037.5 Environment List 2037.6 Memory Layout of a C Program 2047.7 Shared Libraries 2067.8 Memory Allocation 2077.9 Environment Variables 2107.10 setjmpandlongjmpFunctions 2137.11 getrlimitandsetrlimitFunctions 2207.12 Summary 225Chapter 8. Process Control2278.1 Introduction 2278.2 Process Identifiers 2278.3 forkFunction 2298.4 vforkFunction 2348.5 exitFunctions 2368.6 waitandwaitpidFunctions 2388.7 waitidFunction 2448.8wait3andwait4Functions 2458.9 Race Conditions 2458.10 execFunctions 2498.11 Changing User IDs and IDs Group 2558.12 Interpreter Files 2608.13 systemFunction 2648.14 Process Accounting 2698.15 User Identification 2758.16 Process Scheduling 2768.17 Process Times 2808.18 Summary 282Chapter 9. Process Relationships2859.1 Introduction 2859.2 Terminal Logins 2859.3 Network Logins 2909.4 Process Groups 2939.5 Sessions 2959.6 Controlling Terminal 2969.7 tcgetpgrp,tcsetpgrp, andtcgetsidFunctions 2989.8 Job Control 2999.9 Shell Execution of Programs 3039.10 Orphaned Process Groups 3079.11 FreeBSD Implementation 3109.12 Summary 312Chapter 10. Signals31310.1 Introduction 31310.2 Signal Concepts 31310.3 signalFunction 32310.4 Unreliable Signals 32610.5 Interrupted System Calls 32710.6 Reentrant Functions 33010.7 SIGCLDSemantics 33210.8 Reliable-Signal Terminology and Semantics 33510.9 killandraiseFunctions 33610.10 alarmandpauseFunctions 33810.11 Signal Sets 34410.12 sigprocmaskFunction 34610.13 sigpendingFunction 34710.14 sigactionFunction 34910.15 sigsetjmpandsiglongjmpFunctions 35510.16 sigsuspendFunction 35910.17 abortFunction 36510.18 systemFunction 36710.19 sleep,nanosleep, andclock_nanosleepFunctions 37310.20 sigqueueFunction 37610.21 Job Control Signals 37710.22 Signal Names and Numbers 37910.23 Summary 381Chapter 11. Threads38311.1 Introduction 38311.2 Thread Concepts 38311.3 Thread Identification 38411.4 Thread Creation 38511.5 Thread Termination 38811.6 Thread Synchronization 39711.6.1 Mutexes 39911.6.2 Deadlock Avoidance 40211.6.3pthread_mutex_timedlockFunction 40711.6.4 Reader-Writer Locks 40911.6.5 Reader-Writer Locking with Timeouts 41311.6.6 Condition Variables 41311.6.7 Spin Locks 41711.6.8 Barriers 41811.7 Summary 422Chapter 12. Thread Control42512.1 Introduction 42512.2 Thread Limits 42512.3 Thread Attributes 42612.4 Synchronization Attributes 43012.4.1 Mutex Attributes 43012.4.2 Reader-Writer Lock Attributes 43912.4.3 Condition Variable Attributes 44012.4.4 Barrier Attributes 44112.5 Reentrancy 44212.6 Thread-Specific Data 44612.7 Cancel Options 45112.8 Threads and Signals 45312.9 Threads andfork45712.10 Threads and I/O 46112.11 Summary 462Chapter 13. Daemon Processes46313.1 Introduction 46313.2 Daemon Characteristics 46313.3 Coding Rules 46613.4 Error Logging 46913.5 Single-Instance Daemons 47313.6 Daemon Conventions 47413.7 Client-Server Model 47913.8 Summary 480Chapter 14. Advanced I/O48114.1 Introduction 48114.2 Nonblocking I/O 48114.3 Record Locking 48514.4 I/O Multiplexing 50014.4.1 selectandpselectFunctions 50214.4.2 pollFunction 50614.5 Asynchronous I/O 50914.5.1 System V Asynchronous I/O 51014.5.2 BSD Asynchronous I/O 51014.5.3 POSIX Asynchronous I/O 51114.6 readvandwritevFunctions 52114.7 readnandwritenFunctions 52314.8 Memory-Mapped I/O 52514.9 Summary 531Chapter 15. Interprocess Communication53315.1 Introduction 53315.2 Pipes 53415.3 popenandpcloseFunctions 54115.4 Coprocesses 54815.5 FIFOs 55215.6 XSI IPC 55615.6.1 Identifiers and Keys 55615.6.2 Permission Structure 55815.6.3 Configuration Limits 55915.6.4 Advantages and Disadvantages 55915.7 Message Queues 56115.8 Semaphores 56515.9 Shared Memory 57115.10 POSIX Semaphores 57915.11 Client-Server Properties 58515.12 Summary 587Chapter 16. Network IPC: Sockets58916.1 Introduction 58916.2 Socket is invalid 59016.3 Addressing 59316.3.1 Byte Ordering 59316.3.2 Address Formats 59516.3.3 Address Lookup 59716.3.4 Associating Addresses with Sockets 60416.4 Connection Establishment 60516.5 Data Transfer 61016.6 Socket Options 62316.7 Out-of-Band Data 62616.8 Nonblocking and Asynchronous I/O 62716.9 Summary 628Chapter 17. Advanced IPC62917.1 Introduction 62917.2 UNIX Domain Sockets 62917.2.1 UNIX Domain Naming Sockets 63417.3 Unique Connections 63517.4 Passing File is invalid 64217.5 An Open Server Version 1 65317.6 An Open Server Version 2 65917.7 Summary 669Chapter 18. Terminal I/O67118.1 Introduction 67118.2 Overview 67118.3 Special Input Characters 67818.4 Getting and Setting Terminal Attributes 68318.5 Terminal Option Flags 68318.6 sttyCommand 69118.7 Baud Rate Functions 69218.8 Line Control Functions 69318.9 Terminal Identification 69418.10 Canonical Mode 70018.11 Noncanonical Mode 70318.12 Terminal Window Size 71018.13 termcap,terminfo, andcurses71218.14 Summary 713Chapter 19. Pseudo Terminals71519.1 Introduction 71519.2 Overview 71519.3 Opening Pseudo-Terminal Devices 72219.4pty_forkFunction 72619.5ptyProgram 72919.6 Using theptyProgram 73319.7 Advanced Features 74019.8 Summary 741Chapter 20. A Database Library74320.1 Introduction 74320.2 History 74320.3 The Library 74420.4 Implementation Overview 74620.5 Centralized or Decentralized? 75020.6 Concurrency 75220.7 Building the Library 75320.8 Source Code 75320.9 Performance 78120.10 Summary 786Chapter 21. Communicating with a Network Printer78921.1 Introduction 78921.2 The Internet Printing Protocol 78921.3 The Hypertext Transfer Protocol 79221.4 Printer Spooling 79321.5 Source Code 79521.6 Summary 843Appendix A. Function Prototypes845Appendix B. Miscellaneous Source Code895B.1 Our Header File 895B.2 Standard Error Routines 898Appendix C. Solutions to Selected Exercises905Bibliography947Index955

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